Local Anesthetics: The Caine Family
As seen in the previous post, local anesthetics generally work to prevent only a small area of the body from experiencing pain by inhibiting the flow of sodium ions (preventing action potential thus preventing nerve activity) through sodium channels embedded in the cell membrane of neurons. More specifically, the local anesthetic will bind to a receptor inside the sodium channels and antagonize it, therefore closing the sodium channels thus creating the halt in the influx of ions through the channels as seen in the diagram below.
Lidocaine
Novacaine
Cocaine
etc ...
(https://bcachemistry.wordpress.com/2014/06/01/local-anesthetics-the-caine-family/)
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-Ose Chemistry
The suffix -ose (/oʊz/ or /oʊs/) is used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars. This Latin suffix means "full of", "abounding in", "given to", or "like". Numerous systems exist to name specific sugars more descriptively. ... Derived from glucose, an important hexose whose name came from Greek γλυκύς = "sweet".
(-ose - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › -ose)
SucrOSE (table sugar)
Hidden names for Sugar
- corn sweetener
- ethyl maltol
- corn syrup
- fruit juice concentrate
- high-fructose corn syrup
- invert sugar
- malt syrup
- raw sugar
- sugar syrup
- florida crystals
- cane sugar
- crystalline fructose
- evaporated cane juice
- corn syrup solids
- malt syrup
- barley malt
- agave nectar
- rice syrup
- caramel
- panocha
- muscovado
- molasses
- treacle
- carob syrup
(https://totalhealthhixson.com/blog/30-names-for-hidden-sugars/)
The smallest state for sugar is a monosaccharide.
The three monosaccharides the body can absorb are:
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose.
The sweetest is fructose. You might think of fructose as fruit sugar, but fructose is also a very important part of the white sugar (sucrose) in your sugar canister. In fact, fructose is 50 percent of the sucrose. Fructose is also found in honey, and it is manipulated to make corn syrup sweeter as in high-fructose corn syrup.
Next is galactose. This sugar is one-half of the milk sugar lactose (glucose + galactose). Lactose-free milk and ice cream have been treated to separate the galactose from the glucose. Some medications use galactose as a filler. Galactose is 30 percent sweeter than sucrose, so it wouldn’t be a very good choice for cooking or baking.
Last but not least is glucose, the primary source of fuel for our bodies. Glucose is that stuff you learned about in basic biology. Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight make glucose and oxygen in plants. Glucose can also hang out solo, but it is mostly found paired with other monosaccharides to make either another sugar like sucrose, lactose, or maltose, or a complex carbohydrate like starch.
Glucose needs insulin to be able to get into our muscles to provide energy to do work. When glucose is linked with one of the other monosaccharides like fructose to form the white sugar used for baking, it has to have a special enzyme to split the link apart in the small intestine so the sugars will once again be ready for absorption. You may know someone who is lactose intolerant. This means they don’t have enough of the enzyme lactase in their small intestine to break up the lactose, causing gas and diarrhea.
(https://www.sugarintolerance.com/whats-in-an-ose/)
Lactose - Milk sugar
Dextrose is the name of a simple sugar that is made from corn and is chemically identical to glucose, or blood sugar. Dextrose is often used in baking products as a sweetener, and can be commonly found in items such as processed foods and corn syrup. Given in IVs ... D5W
Maltose - a sugar made out of two glucose molecules bound together. It's created in seeds and other parts of plants as they break down their stored energy in order to sprout. Thus, foods like cereals, certain fruits and sweet potatoes contain naturally high amounts of this sugar.
Drug Suffixes that provide clues to the type of drug:
Drugs with these Endings | Usually belong to this class |
-caine | Local anesthetics |
-cillin | Antibiotics |
-dine | Anti-ulcer agents |
-done | Opioid analgesics |
-ide | Oral hypoglygemics |
-iam | Anti-anxiety agents |
-micin | Antibiotics |
-mide | Diuretics |
-mycin | Antibiotics |
-nium | Neuromuscular blocking agents |
-olol | Beta blockers (cardiovascular) |
-oxacin | Antibiotic |
-pam | Anti-anxiety agent |
-pril | ACE inhibitors |
-sone | Steroids |
-statin | Anti-lipemics |
-vir | Anti-virals |
-zide | Diuretics |
(https://media.lanecc.edu/users/driscolln/RT114/Medication_Administration/Intro_Pharmacology/Intro_Pharmacology12.html)
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